Japanese encephalitis occurs countrywide in Laos, with risk throughout the year and a higher seasonal pattern reported from June to September. It is mainly linked with rural areas, rice fields, pigs and evening-to-night mosquito biting. The vaccine is usually discussed for longer stays, repeated travel, uncertain itineraries, rural accommodation, or shorter trips with higher exposure. Dengue, chikungunya and Zika are also risks in Laos. These are spread by mosquitoes that often bite in daylight, including in towns. There is no routine tablet that prevents these infections, so repellent, long sleeves, treated clothing where suitable, and accommodation with screens or air conditioning matter. Hepatitis A and typhoid are commonly considered because food and water hygiene can vary. Tetanus should be up to date. Hepatitis B may be relevant for longer stays, sexual exposure, medical or dental treatment, contact sports, tattoos, piercings, or work with blood or body fluids. Rabies is a real risk in Laos, especially after bites or scratches from dogs, cats, monkeys or bats. Pre-travel rabies vaccination is worth discussing for children, cyclists, runners, longer stays and rural travel. Malaria risk is generally low, and very low in Vientiane, but bite avoidance still matters; tablets may be considered for higher-risk travellers or specific routes. Laos also has polio-related certificate considerations for some stays of four weeks or more.